Senin, 19 Desember 2011

KEGUNAAN PRESENT
CONTINOUS TENSE


Formula untuk Present Continuous Tense atau Present Progressive Tense adalah:
Subject +  (is/am/are)  + (Verb1+ing) + Object + Modifier



Kegunaan Present Continous Tense

1.       Present continous tense digunakan untuk tindakan-tindakan yang sedang terjadi saat ini.

Contoh :
§  We are studying English.
§  She is watching TV now.
§  He is listening to the music.
§  I am discussing English with my colleagues now.
§  They are playing football.
§  The kids are playing games.
§  I am sitting down, because I am tired.
§  Lina walking in the park with her  friend.
§  Maulina is using a laptop.
§  Lina is watching a movie.


2.       Present continous tense digunakan untuk proses-proses yang terjadi di sekitar waktu sekarang.

Contoh :
§  It is raining today.
§  I am working in Solo this month.
§  The world is turning.
§  It is going to winter.
§  Lina writing a novel this year.
§  I am living in Solo for the time being.
§  I am learning English at present.
§  Linna is studying really hard for her exams this week.
§  I am reading a really interesting book now.
§  We are not working hard these days.


3.       Present continous tense digunakan untuk tindakan/kebiasaan yang berulang.

Contoh :
§  I am getting up early this week.
§  Lina is always coming late.
§  My grand mother always leaving their dirty plates after eating.
§  I am waiting you in here, always ...
§  I am always loving you.
§  They reading newspaper every morning.
§  Music has certain role completing our day to day activities.
§  I am learning English everyday.
§  God saving our lives.
§  I am feeling you in my heart.


4.       Present continous tense digunakan untuk rencana-rencana di masa mendatang yang sudah pasti waktunya.

Contoh :
§  I am going to campus at 8.40 tomorrow.
§  She is coming to my house this evening.
§  Lina is watching a movie with Rizky tonight.
§  I am meeting a friend tonight.
§  She is getting married net month.
§  Lina is flying to Korea tomorrow.
§  I am seeing my boyfriend on Wednesday.
§  We are going on holiday next week.
§  We are visiting him on Monday.
§  Lina is coming for dinner tonight.

Kamis, 01 Desember 2011


                
             FUNGSI DAN CONTOH 
              MAY DAN MUST







MAY

Kata kerja bantu yang berarti "boleh/mungkin" yang digunakan untuk menyatakan:

1. Permohonan izin (asking permission)

Contoh:



1.   May I borrow your motorcycle?
2.   May I go home now?
3.   May I know your name?
4.   May I read this book?
5.   May I use your komputer?
6.   May she go with me tonight?
7.   May I drive this car?
8.   May I see the picture now?
9.   May we visit you tomorrow?
10. May we join the meeting ?

2. Permohonan atau harapan.

Contoh:



1.       May you both the happy.
2.       May God bless you.
3.       May you get success in your future.
4.       May God be with you.
5.       May the new year bring you happiness.
6.       May you do the best.


3. Kemungkinan berdasar fenomena yg ada (possibility)


Contoh :     
  1.  It may rain today
  2. He may come after Desember. 
  3. Lina may be late again.
  4. Lina is absent today, she may be sick.
  5. She looks so sad after seeing the announcement, she may fail in her  exam.
  6. My father may be angry if he came home from the office and didn’t find   us in the living room.
  7. He may come late this morning.

4. Giving permission

Contoh : 
  1. You may come to my home although without bringing any parcel.
  2.  He may take his hat in the livingroom.
  3. You may leave the room.
  4. They may join the meeting.
  5.  You may borrow my dictionary.
  6. You may ride your own motorcycle on the street.





MUST 



Kata kerja bantu yang berarti harus atau wajib, digunakan untuk menyatakan:

1. Keharusan/mesti.

Contoh:



          1.   You must go now. 
          2.   I must do my homework soon.
          3.   She must study hard.
          4.   The students must study regularly.
          5.   We must hear shoes in the meeting hall.
          6.   It is a must for us to struggle hard.
          7.   You must read this book.
          8.   She must go to school today.
          9.   You must come to here at 7 tomorrow.
         10.  You must study for exam tomorrow.

2. Must not (musn't) menunjukkan (berarti) larangan atau tidak boleh.

Contoh:

          
          1.   You must not smoke in the class.
          2.   Susan musn’t go there alone.
          3.   The students of MUEC musn’t wear slippers when they join the class. 
          4.   She musn’t do that.
          5.   You musn’t go without me.
          6.   I musn’t do it.


     3. Conclusion


     Contoh :

           1.   She has been in England for many years. She speak English fluently.
           2.   Rio is from Indonesian. She must speak English well.
           3.   Lina can play piano well. She must practice a lot.
           4.   Mr.Amir has many companies. He must be rich.
           5.   His house is empty. He must go to school.
           6.   The man stays at MUEC. He has 3 chlidren. He must be Mr.Bro.
           7.   The colour is white. The taste is sweet. It must be sugar.
           8.   Last night I met him, he looked so happy. He must have gotten a job.

Senin, 07 November 2011

NOUN CLAUSE, ADJECTIVE CLAUSE, ADVERBIAL CLAUSE




NOUN CLAUSE


Noun clause adalah klausa yang berfungsi sebagai nomina.
Example :
1.    I like what she is reading.
2.    She doesn’t know whom she loves more.
3.    I still remember what you did last summer.
4.    Whom she loves more will be happy.
5.    How the budget got in is a mystery.
6.    I do not understand how all it happened
7.    What she is reading is very interesting.
8.    He says (that) they plan to come to the dance.
9.    Please listen to what your teacher is saying.
10.  I never realize what a pretty girl she is.









Karena fungsinya sebagai nomina, maka noun clause dapat menduduki posisi-posisi berikut:
1. Subject of the sentence
What he gets makes his family proud.
2. Direct object
I know where her house is.
3. Indirect object
The President will give whatever the Indonesia National Football Team gets an appreciation.
4. Subjective Complement
That is what you want.
5. Objective complement
They will name their dog whatever they want to.
6. Object of a prepositions
The old lady cried for whatever his husband did.
7. Appositive
John, whom i met yesterday, will be my new business partner.
8. Object of a participle
Remembering what she promised, I tried to be better.
9. Object of an infinitive
They requested me to notice what they spoke.
10. Object of a gerund
Rejecting what he wants makes me unhappy.



ADVERBIAL CLAUSE






Adverbial Clause adalah clause(anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja. Adverbial clause biasanya diklasifikasikan berdasarkan "arti/maksud" dari Conjunction (kata penghubung yang mendahuluinya).


Jenis-jenis Adverbial clause antara lain:
1. Clause of Time
- Shut the door before you go out.
- You may begin when(ever) you are ready.
- While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
- By the time I arrive, Alex will have left.
2. Clause of Place
- They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
- The guard stood where he was positioned.
- Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
3. Clause of Contrast
- Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
- Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
- He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.
4. Clause of Manner
- He did as I told him.
- You may finish it how you like.
- They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.
5. Clause of Purpose and Result
- They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
- She bought a book so (that) she could learn English
- He is saving his money so that he may take a long vacation.
6. Clause of Cause and Effect
-  It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors. atau It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors.
-  It was such an interesting book that he couldn't put it down. Atau It was so interesting a book that he couldn't put it down.





ADJECTIVE CLAUSE



Adjective Clause dinamakan juga Relative Clause, yaitu Clause(anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai adjective yang menerangkan noun atau pronoun.


Example:
1.    I like the book that she is reading.
2.    She doesn’t know the one whom she loves more.
3.    I still remember the killing that you did last summer.
4.    The one whom she loves more will be happy.
5.    The killing that you did last summer will never be forgotten.
6.    The lesson that she is learning is very difficult.
7.    This is the girl whose picture you saw.
8.    The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting.
9.    Anyone who wants to come with us is welcome.
10. I have read the book that you just mentioned.





Kamis, 20 Oktober 2011

NOUN, ADVERB, and VERB



                    Noun        What is a Noun?

noun is a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea. Nouns are usually the first words which small children learn.

                                      Types of Nouns
1. Proper Nouns and Common Nouns
You always write a proper noun with a capital letter, since the noun represents the name of a specific person, place, or thing. The names of days of the week, months, historical documents, institutions, organisations, religions, their holy texts and their adherents are proper nouns. A proper noun is the opposite of a common noun.
    Example :
·         Many people dread Monday mornings.
·         Beltane is celebrated on the first of May.                
·         My favourite auntie is Auntie Linna.
·         Riska likes to dance.
·         The Tower of London.

common noun is a noun referring to a person, place, or thing in a general sense -- usually, you should write it with a capital letter only when it begins a sentence. A common noun is the opposite of a proper noun.
Example:

  •   I put the book on the table
  •   According to the sign, the nearest town is 60 miles away.
  •   I am cutting paper now.
  •   He leaved his country last year.
  •   Tree here are very shady.

2.  Concrete Nouns and Abstract Nouns
concrete noun is a noun which names anything (or anyone) that you can perceive through your physical senses: touch, sight, taste, hearing, or smell. A concrete noun is the opposite of a abstract noun.
An abstract noun is a noun which names anything which you can notperceive through your five physical senses, and is the opposite of a concrete noun.
Example :
§  This book is very interesting. (concrete noun)
§  Amir most like the apple fruit. (concrete noun)
§  Lina is a beautiful and sweet lady. (abstract noun)
§  Lina's hobby is shopping. (abstract noun)
§  Friendship beetwen Lina and Afni is true friendship.   (abstract noun)

3.  Countable Nouns and Uncountable Nouns
               A countable noun(or count noun) is a noun with both a singular and a plural form, and it names anything (or anyone) that you can count. You can make a countable noun plural and attach it to a plural verb in a sentence. Countable nouns are the opposite of non-countable nouns and collective nouns.
     A non-countable noun (or mass noun) is a noun which does not have a plural form, and which refers to something that you could (or would) not usually count. A non-countable noun always takes a singular verb in a sentence. Non-countable nouns are similar to collective nouns, and are the opposite of countable nouns.
Example :
·         We painted the table red and the chairs blue. (countable noun)
·         I’m going out for five minutes. (countable noun)
·         I love music. (uncountable noun)
·         I have two brothers, Amir and Husna. (countable noun)
·         Would you like some coffe? (uncountable noun)

collective noun is a noun naming a group of things, animals, or persons. You could count the individual members of the group, but you usually think of the group as a whole is generally as one unit. You need to be able to recognise collective nouns in order to maintain subject-verb agreement. A collective noun is similar to a non-countable noun, and is roughly the opposite of a countable noun.
Example :
§  My boyfriend of a boy band.
§  Matic community today held touring to Yogya.
§  The jury disagree aboutn the guilt of the accused.
§  Every afternoon the baseball team follows its coach out to the hot field for practise.
§  Today, Dr.Amir’s class takes its first 100-item exam.





















What is an Adverb?

An
  is a descriptive word that describes or modifies, as grammarians put it a verb, an adjective o
r another adverb.

Kinds of Adverbs
Adverb of Manner (keterangan cara)
Adverbs of manner tell us how something happens. They are usually placed after the main verb or after the object.
Examples:
·      He swims well(after the main verb)
·      He ran... rapidly, slowly, quickly..
·      She spoke... softly, loudly, aggressively..
·      James coughed loudly to attract her attention.
·      He plays the flute beautifully. (after the object)
·      He ate the chocolate cake greedily.
Adverbs of Place (keterangan tempat)
Adverbs of Place tell us the place where something happens. They answer the question "where?". Adverbs of Place mainly modify verbs.
Example:
after the main verb:
·      I looked everywhere
·      John looked away, up, down, around...
·      I'm going home, out, back
·      Come in
after the object:
·      They built a house nearby
·      She took the child outside
Adverbs of  Time (keterangan waktu)
Adverbs of Time tell us something about the time that something happens. Adverbs of Time mainly modify verbs.
They can answer the question "when?":
·      He came yesterday. (When did he come?)
·      want it now. (When do I want it?)
Or they can answer the question "how often?":
·      They deliver the newspaper daily. (How often do they deliver the newspaper?)
·      We sometimes watch a movie. (How often do we watch a movie?)
Adverbs of Degree (keterangan tingkatan)
Adverbs of Degree tell us the degree or extent to which something happens. They answer the question "how much?" or "to what degree?". Adverbs of Degree can modify verbsadjectives and other adverbs.
Common adverbs of degree:
Almost, nearly, quite, just, too, enough, hardly, scarcely, completely, very, extremely.
Example
§  Lina is very beautiful.
§  I am too tired to go out tonight.
§  He hardly noticed what she was saying.
§  They don't have enough food.
§  The coffee was too hot for me.
Adverb of Certainty (keterangan kepastian)
These adverbs express how certain or sure we feel about an action or event.
Common adverbs of certainty:
certainlydefinitely, probably, undoubtedly, surely
§  He definitely left the house this morning.
§  He is probably in the park.
§  He has certainly forgotten the meeting.
§  He will probably remember tomorrow.
§  Undoubtedly, Winston Churchill was a great politician.
§  Surely you've got a bicycle?





    What is a Verb?

A verb is a word used primarily to indicate a type of action, such as to fly or to wish, though it may also be used to indicate a general state of existence, such as to live.
    
                                                     Types of Verb
1. Transitive Verb
Example :
·         He teaches English
·         She set the book on the table
·         He raised the window
·         She laid the coat on the chair
·         The speaker presented a new idea
2. Intransitive Verb
Example :
·         They read books
·         He plays the piano
·         I drive a car
·         He sits in the front row
·         He lay in bed all day
3.  Linking Verb
Example :
·         Linna is beautiful
·         The cake tastes  good
·         I  feel  bad
·         Amir is a student
·         It was I that suggested it