What is a Noun?
A noun is
a word used to name a person, animal, place, thing, and abstract idea. Nouns
are usually the first words which small children learn.
Types of Nouns
You always write a proper
noun with a capital letter, since the
noun represents the name of a specific person, place, or thing. The names of
days of the week, months, historical documents, institutions, organisations,
religions, their holy texts and their adherents are proper nouns. A proper noun
is the opposite of a common noun.
Example :
· Many people dread Monday mornings.
· Beltane is celebrated on the first of May.
· My favourite auntie is Auntie Linna.
· Riska likes to dance.
· The Tower of London.
A common
noun is a noun referring to a person,
place, or thing in a general sense -- usually, you should write it with a
capital letter only when it begins a sentence. A common noun is the opposite of
a proper noun.
Example:
- I put the book on
the table
- According to the sign,
the nearest town is 60 miles away.
- I am cutting paper now.
- He leaved his country last
year.
- Tree here are very shady.
A concrete
noun is a noun which names anything (or
anyone) that you can perceive through your physical senses: touch, sight,
taste, hearing, or smell. A concrete noun is the opposite of a abstract noun.
An abstract
noun is a noun which names anything
which you can notperceive through your five physical senses, and is
the opposite of a concrete noun.
Example :
§ This book is
very interesting. (concrete noun)
§ Amir most like the apple fruit.
(concrete noun)
§ Lina is a beautiful and
sweet lady. (abstract noun)
§ Lina's hobby is shopping.
(abstract noun)
§ Friendship beetwen
Lina and Afni is true friendship. (abstract noun)
A countable
noun(or count
noun) is a noun with both a singular and a
plural form, and it names anything (or anyone) that you can count.
You can make a countable noun plural and attach it to a plural verb in a
sentence. Countable nouns are the opposite of non-countable nouns and
collective nouns.
A non-countable
noun (or mass
noun) is a noun which does not have a plural
form, and which refers to something that you could (or would) not usually
count. A non-countable noun always takes a singular verb in a sentence.
Non-countable nouns are similar to collective nouns, and are the opposite of
countable nouns.
Example :
· We painted the table red and the
chairs blue. (countable noun)
· I’m going out for five minutes. (countable
noun)
· I love music. (uncountable noun)
· I have two brothers, Amir and Husna.
(countable noun)
· Would you like some coffe? (uncountable
noun)
A collective
noun is a noun naming a group of
things, animals, or persons. You could count the individual members of the
group, but you usually think of the group as a whole is generally as one unit.
You need to be able to recognise collective nouns in order to maintain
subject-verb agreement. A collective noun is similar to a non-countable noun,
and is roughly the opposite of a countable noun.
Example :
§ My
boyfriend of a boy band.
§ Matic community today held touring to Yogya.
§ The jury disagree aboutn the guilt of the accused.
§ Every
afternoon the baseball team follows
its coach out to the hot field for practise.
§ Today, Dr.Amir’s class takes
its first 100-item exam.
What is an Adverb?
An is a descriptive word that describes or modifies, as grammarians put it a
verb, an adjective or another adverb.
Kinds of Adverbs
Adverb
of Manner (keterangan cara)
Adverbs
of manner tell us how something happens. They are usually
placed after the main verb or after the object.
Examples:
·
He
swims well, (after the main verb)
·
He
ran... rapidly, slowly, quickly..
·
She
spoke... softly, loudly, aggressively..
·
James
coughed loudly to attract her attention.
·
He
plays the flute beautifully. (after the object)
·
He
ate the chocolate cake greedily.
Adverbs of Place (keterangan
tempat)
Adverbs
of Place tell us the place where something happens. They answer the question
"where?". Adverbs of Place mainly modify verbs.
Example:
after
the main verb:
·
I
looked everywhere
·
John
looked away, up, down, around...
·
I'm
going home, out, back
·
Come in
after
the object:
·
They
built a house nearby
·
She
took the child outside
Adverbs of Time (keterangan waktu)
Adverbs
of Time tell us something about the time that something happens. Adverbs of
Time mainly modify verbs.
They
can answer the question "when?":
·
He came yesterday.
(When did he come?)
·
I want it now.
(When do I want it?)
Or
they can answer the question "how often?":
·
They deliver the
newspaper daily. (How often do they deliver the newspaper?)
·
We sometimes watch a
movie. (How often do we watch a movie?)
Adverbs of Degree (keterangan
tingkatan)
Adverbs
of Degree tell us the degree or extent to which something happens. They answer
the question "how much?" or "to what degree?". Adverbs of
Degree can modify verbs, adjectives and
other adverbs.
Common
adverbs of degree:
Almost,
nearly, quite, just, too, enough, hardly, scarcely, completely, very,
extremely.
Example
§
Lina
is very beautiful.
§
I
am too tired to go out tonight.
§
He hardly noticed
what she was saying.
§
They
don't have enough food.
§
The
coffee was too hot for me.
Adverb
of Certainty (keterangan kepastian)
These
adverbs express how certain or sure we feel about an action or event.
Common
adverbs of certainty:
certainly, definitely, probably,
undoubtedly, surely
§ He definitely left
the house this morning.
§ He is probably in
the park.
§ He has certainly forgotten
the meeting.
§ He will probably remember
tomorrow.
§ Undoubtedly, Winston Churchill was a great
politician.
§ Surely you've got a bicycle?
What is a Verb?
A verb is a word used
primarily to indicate a type of action, such as to fly or to wish, though it may
also be used to indicate a general state of existence, such as to live.
Types
of Verb
1.
Transitive Verb
Example
:
·
He teaches English
·
She set the book on the table
·
He raised the window
·
She laid the coat on the chair
·
The speaker presented a new idea
2. Intransitive Verb
Example :
·
They read books
·
He plays the piano
·
I drive a car
·
He sits in the front row
·
He lay in bed all day
3. Linking Verb
Example :
·
Linna is beautiful
·
The cake tastes
good
·
I
feel bad
·
Amir is a student
·
It was I that suggested it
